In today’s article I want to talk about Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental condition that can affect children and adults. Most of the focus of this article will be on adults with ADHD as it is mostly an adult population that I work with in private practice. I shall start by defining what ADHD actually is, its subtypes, symptoms, and the impact it can have your daily life; not just your life, also the life of those that around you such as family and children. If you suspect you might have undiagnosed ADHD I shall explain the diagnostic process before concluding with what help is out there such as medication and therapy and the importance of seeking professional help.
While ADHD is often associated with childhood, it can persist into adulthood and affect daily functioning. In Ireland, it is estimated that 5% of children and around 2.5% of adults live with ADHD, although many go undiagnosed. Understanding ADHD and seeking appropriate support is crucial for managing the condition and improving quality of life.
What is ADHD?
I think when most people think of ADHD, the image of a hyperactive child, maybe acting out in the classroom comes to mind, but it is much more than that. For example, it is not being organised enough to pay your bills on time, if at all, and the person with untreated ADHD can find themselves in trouble for non-payment, not because they have insufficient funds, but rather due to the difficulties ADHD can present.
ADHD is characterised by patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development. These behaviours typically appear before the age of 12, but they can persist into adulthood. There are three primary types of ADHD:
- Inattentive Type: Individuals struggle to maintain focus, are easily distracted, forget details of daily tasks, and often appear disorganised.
- Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: Individuals may feel restless, fidget frequently, have difficulty sitting still, and often interrupt others.
- Combined Type: This is the most common form, where both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms are present.
Symptoms of ADHD
Inattentive Symptoms:
- Difficulty staying focused on tasks or conversations.
- Easily distracted by external stimuli or unrelated thoughts.
- Forgetfulness in daily activities (e.g., losing keys or missing appointments).
- Struggling to follow through on instructions or finish tasks.
Hyperactive-Impulsive Symptoms:
- Restlessness or constant fidgeting.
- Difficulty waiting for their turn in conversations or activities. You might have come across this if you notice that the person you are talking to, seems to constantly interrupt you to get their say. When working with couples in private practice this can cause problems in relationships, but once the two people understand it is not rudeness, there are things that can be done to make this easier.
- Impulsive decision-making, often without considering consequences.
- Interrupting others or intruding into conversations.
ADHD symptoms can manifest differently across age groups. For instance, children with ADHD might struggle to sit still in school, while adults may find it hard to focus at work or manage time effectively.
Causes and Risk Factors
Genetic Factors: Research shows that ADHD often runs in families. If a parent has ADHD, their child has a higher likelihood of developing the condition.
Neurobiological Factors: Differences in brain structure, particularly in areas that control attention and executive functioning, are associated with ADHD.
Environmental Factors: Premature birth, low birth weight, or exposure to environmental toxins such as lead during pregnancy can increase the risk of developing ADHD.
Myths about ADHD Causes: It’s essential to debunk common misconceptions. ADHD is not caused by poor parenting, too much screen time, or a high-sugar diet. These factors may exacerbate symptoms but do not cause ADHD.
How to get a diagnosis
If you suspect you might have ADHD it is crucial to get a diagnosis from a qualified mental health professional, as once diagnosed and your start treatment, the difference in your life can be profound.
Diagnosing ADHD involves a comprehensive assessment by a qualified professional, such as a psychologist, psychiatrist, or paediatrician. The assessment typically includes:
- Clinical interviews with the individual (and parents or caregivers if assessing a child).
- Behavioural observation: In various settings like home, school, or work.
- Rating scales: Standardised questionnaires that measure ADHD symptoms.
In adults, ADHD can be challenging to diagnose as the symptoms are often mistaken for stress, anxiety, or depression. Many adults only receive a diagnosis after struggling for years with related issues like disorganisation, chronic lateness, or difficulties at work.
Impact of ADHD on Daily Life
ADHD affects all areas of life, from education and work to relationships and self-esteem. Individuals with ADHD may:
- Struggle academically due to difficulty focusing or completing tasks on time.
- Experience relationship challenges, as their symptoms may be misinterpreted as carelessness or lack of interest.
- Face difficulties at work, especially in roles that require sustained attention and organisation.
- Be more prone to anxiety, depression, or low self-esteem, especially if their ADHD has been misunderstood or untreated.
Example: Sarah, a 35-year-old woman in Dublin, was only diagnosed with ADHD last year. She had spent most of her life feeling overwhelmed by simple tasks like keeping track of deadlines at work or maintaining her home. The diagnosis allowed her to seek therapy, and with the right treatment, she now manages her symptoms more effectively.
Treatment Options
Individuals with ADHD can manage their symptoms and improve their quality of life through a multifaceted approach that includes medication, therapy, and support services. Here’s how each of these can help:
ADHD treatment often involves a combination of medication and therapy, alongside lifestyle adjustments.
Medication: Stimulants (like methylphenidate) are commonly prescribed to improve focus and reduce impulsivity. Non-stimulant medications are also available for those who may not respond well to stimulants.
In Ireland, medications like Ritalin and Concerta are frequently used, while in the UK, Adderall may also be prescribed. Medication should be prescribed and monitored by a healthcare professional to ensure it is effective and side effects are minimised.
Therapy and Behavioural Interventions:
- Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT): CBT helps individuals with ADHD manage their symptoms by developing strategies for organisation, focus, and managing impulsivity.
- ADHD Coaching: Coaches work with individuals to develop practical skills such as time management, goal-setting, and problem-solving.
Support in Schools and the Workplace:
- Educational support: In Ireland, students can access special education services, including extra time during exams and one-on-one support.
- Workplace adjustments: In both Ireland and the UK, employees with ADHD may request reasonable accommodations, such as flexible working hours or additional organisational tools.
Living with ADHD
Living with ADHD requires ongoing self-management, as well as support from family, friends, and professionals. Here are some coping strategies:
- Time management tools: Apps and planners to help structure the day.
- Mindfulness practices: Mindfulness-based techniques help manage impulsivity and increase focus.
- Exercise: Physical activity has been shown to help reduce hyperactive symptoms.
Family members and partners can play a vital role in providing emotional support and understanding. ADHD Ireland offers resources for families on how to support a loved one with ADHD.
Seeking Help for ADHD
If you or a loved one suspect ADHD, it’s important to seek professional help. In Ireland, organisations such as ADHD Ireland offer support and guidance. For those in the UK, ADDISS (The National Attention Deficit Disorder Information and Support Service) provides valuable resources.
You can approach a GP, who can refer you to a specialist, or directly contact an ADHD assessment clinic for an evaluation. Early intervention and support are key to managing ADHD effectively.
Helpful Links:
- ADHD Ireland: Provides information, support, and advocacy for people with ADHD.
- ADDISS (UK): Offers resources, support, and training related to ADHD.
- HSE ADHD Services: Offers information on ADHD treatment and services in Ireland.